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Bordetella Pertussis Animation | Microbiology USMLE Step 1

Bordetella pertussis is a Gram-negative bacterium known for causing whooping cough, also called pertussis, a highly contagious respiratory disease primarily affecting infants and young children. This bacterium spreads through respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes. Bordetella pertussis attaches to the ciliated epithelial cells lining the respiratory tract, where it produces toxins that damage the airway and cause the characteristic symptoms of whooping cough. These toxins include pertussis toxin (PT), which disrupts cell signaling; adenylate cyclase toxin (ACT), which impairs immune cell function; and tracheal cytotoxin (TCT), which damages the respiratory epithelium. Whooping cough typically progresses through three stages: the catarrhal stage, characterized by mild respiratory symptoms similar to a common cold; the paroxysmal stage, marked by severe coughing fits often accompanied by the characteristic "whoop" sound; and the convalescent stage, during which symptoms gradually subside. Diagnosis of Bordetella pertussis infection is usually based on clinical presentation, though laboratory tests such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or culture of respiratory secretions can confirm the diagnosis. Treatment involves antibiotics, primarily macrolides like azithromycin, to reduce the severity and duration of symptoms and prevent transmission. Vaccination with the DTaP (diphtheria, tetanus, and acellular pertussis) vaccine is the most effective way to prevent whooping cough and its complications. Understanding the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, and management of Bordetella pertussis infection is essential for medical students preparing for exams like the USMLE Step 1.

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