The two-nation theory was an ideology of religious nationalism that advocated Muslim Indian nationhood, with separate homelands for Indian Muslims and Indian Hindus within a decolonised British India, which ultimately led to the Partition of India in 1947.

Tawhid (Arabic: تَوْحِيد‎, romanized: tawḥīd, lit. 'oneness [of God]') is the concept of monotheism in Islam

The term shirk in Islam is used to refer to idolatry or polytheism, which means deification, or worship of deity, gods, or anything other than Allāh.