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The Crimean War between the Ottoman Empire and Russia (and later the UK and France) has been called the last crusade and the first modern war at the same time. 

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» SOURCES
• Badem, Candan: The Ottoman Crimean War – 1853-1856, Brill Verlag, Leiden & Boston, 2010.
• Balci, Ali et al.: When Doves Feed Hawks: Ottoman War Decision and European Powers Towards the Crimean War, in: Alternatives: Global, Local, Political, Vol. 47, No. 2, pp. 67–83, SAGE Publications, Istanbul, 2022.
• Baumgart, Winfried: The Crimean War, Bloomsbury Academic Verlag, London [u.a.], 2020.
• Bektas, Yakup: The Crimean War as a Technological Enterprise, in: Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London, Vol. 71, No. 3, pp. 233-262, The Royal Society, London, 2017.
• Daniel, Ute: Der Krimkrieg 1853-1856 und die Entstehungskontexte medialer Kriegsberichterstattung, in: Daniel, Ute (Hg.): Augenzeugen – Kriegsberichterstattung vom 18. Zum 21. Jahrhundert, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht Verlag, Göttingen, 2006.
• Figes, Orlando: Krimkrieg – der letzte Kreuzzug, Berlin-Verlag, Berlin [u.a], 2012.
• Gouttman, Alain: La guerre de Crimée 1853-1856, Kronos S.P.M., Paris, 1995.
• Gorizontov, Leonid: The Crimean War as a Test of Russia’s Imperial Durability, in: Russian Social Science Review, Vol. 62, pp. 416–442, Taylor & Francis, London, 2021.
• Grosul, Vladislav: Russian Society and the Crimean War, in: Russian Studies in History, vol. 51, No. 1, pp. 35–64, Taylor & Francis, London, 2012,
• Hearder, Harry: Clarendon, Cavour, and the Intervention of Sardinia in the Crimean war, 1853-1855, in: The International History Review, Vol. 18, No. 4, pp. 819-836, Taylor & Francis, London, 1996.
• Kirimli, Hakan: Emigrations from the Crimea to the Ottoman Empire during the Crimean War, in: Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 44, No. 5, pp. 751-773, Taylor & Francis, 2008.
• Kozelsky, Mara: Crimea in war and transformation, Oxford University Press, New York, 2019.
• Kozelsky, Mara: Casualties of Conflict – Crimean Tatars during the Crimean War, in: Slavic Review, Vol. 67, No. 4, pp. 866-891, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2008.
• Lambert, Andrew: Crimean Illusions, in Freedman, Lawrence, ed. War, Oxford UP, 2011.
• Lang, Wilhelm: Cavour und der Krimkrieg, in: Historische Zeitschrift, Vol. 53, No. 1 pp. 1-42, Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, München, 1885.
• LA SOCIETA DEI REDUCI DALLA CRIMEA (Hg.): Ricordo Pittorico Militare Della Spedizione Sarda, Consiglio Direttivo della Societa dei Reduci dalla Crimea, Turin, 1884.
• Maag, Georg (Hg.): Der Krimkrieg als erster europäischer Medienkrieg, in: Kultur und Technik (Band 14), Lit Verlag, Berlin, 2010.
• Rath, Andrew: The Crimean War in imperial context - 1854-1856, Palgrave Macmillan Verlag, New York [u.a], 2015.
• Stepanov, Valerii: The Crimean War and the Russian Economy, in: Russian Social Science Review, Vol. 62, No. 4–6, pp. 470–493, Taylor & Francis, London, 2021.
• Trager, Robert: Long-Term Consequences of Aggressive Diplomacy – European Relations after Austrian Crimean War Threats, in: Security Studies, Vol. 21, pp. 232–265, Taylor & Francis, London, 2012.



»CREDITS
Presented by: Jesse Alexander
Written by: David Lang, Jesse Alexander
Director: Toni Steller & Florian Wittig
Director of Photography: Toni Steller
Sound: Above Zero
Editing: Toni Steller
Motion Design: Toni Steller
Mixing, Mastering & Sound Design: http://above-zero.com
Research by: David Lang
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