This video was made in partnership with Bill Gates. To learn more about how we can help improve the lives and health of people around the world, visit https://gatesnotes.com

Sewers are a great way to make pooping safe, but they’re not always the right solution because they require specific resources that many places just don’t have.

LEARN MORE
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To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords:
- Sewage system: A network of pipes that conveys sewage from a point of origin to a treatment plant.
- Fecal pathogens: Bacteria, viruses, and parasites that can infect people through feces contamination.
- Utility decentralization: The process of bringing the production of utilities like energy closer to the place it is consumed instead of from a central location farther away.
- Reuse of human excreta: The safe or beneficial reuse of treated human poop for things like fuel or fertilizer.

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CREDITS
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David Goldenberg | Script Writer, Narrator and Director
Sarah Berman | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation
Nathaniel Schroeder | Music

MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC
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Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Cameron Duke
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REFERENCES
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Kone, Doulaye (2023). Personal Communication. Deputy Director, Water, Sanitation, & Hygiene. Gates Foundation. Retrieved from: https://www.gatesfoundation.org/about...

Obradović, Dino, Marija Šperac, and Saša Marenjak. 2023. "Challenges in Sewer System Maintenance" Encyclopedia 3, no. 1: 122-142. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia3...

Kruzman, D. (2022). “Cities are investing billions in new sewage systems. They’re already obsolete.” Grist. Retrieved from: https://grist.org/cities/cities-are-i...

Root, R. (2020). “When are sewers the best option for improved sanitation?” Devex. Retrieved from: https://www.devex.com/news/when-are-s...

Kone, D. (2021). “The future of sanitation: 10 years of reinventing the toilet.” Gates Foundation. Retrieved from: https://www.gatesfoundation.org/ideas...

Cisneros B. J. (2011). Safe Sanitation in Low Economic Development Areas. Treatise on Water Science, 147–200. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-53...

Fernholz, T. (2014). More people around the world have cell phones than ever had land-lines. Quartz. Retrieved from: https://qz.com/179897/more-people-aro...

Bovarnick, B. and Dach, E. (2014). Electricity without the Grid. Center for American Progress. Retrieved from: https://www.americanprogress.org/arti...