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According to historian Charles Ralph Boxer in his book "The Christian Century in Japan, 1549-1650" (1951), the European population in Japan likely peaked around 1612, with estimates ranging from 1,000 to 2,000 individuals, including missionaries, merchants, and sailors.

https://archive.org/details/THECHRIST...

One of the most widely cited estimates comes from the historical demographer Akira Hayami. In his study "The Population of Japan before the Meiji Period," Hayami suggests that Japan's population in 1600 was approximately 12 million. This estimate is based on an analysis of various historical documents, including rice production records and village registers.

Another scholar, Kito Hiroshi, in his work "The Population of Early Modern Japan: A Reinterpretation," proposes a slightly higher estimate of around 15 to 17 million people in Japan during the early 17th century.

Here is where you'll find sources about the Black African presence in Dutch ships

1. "Black Africans in Seventeenth-Century Amsterdam" by Dienke Hondius (2008) - This article explores the lives of Black Africans in Amsterdam during the 17th century and mentions the presence of Black sailors on Dutch ships.
1. "Amsterdam's Atlantic: Print Culture and the Making of Dutch Brazil" by Michiel van Groesen (2017) - While not solely focused on Black sailors, this book provides insights into the Dutch colonial activities in the 17th century and the involvement of Black individuals in Dutch maritime ventures.
2. "The Dutch in the Atlantic Slave Trade, 1600-1815" by Johannes Postma (1990) - This comprehensive study of Dutch involvement in the Atlantic slave trade discusses the presence of Black sailors on Dutch ships, particularly in the context of the West African coast.
More sources that should appear on screen when I talk about the Black African presence in Dutch ships.

1. "Black Sailors on Red Clydeside: Rioting, Reactionary Trade Unionism and Conflicting Notions of 'British' Following the First World War" by Jacqueline Jenkinson (2008) - While this paper primarily focuses on the early 20th century, it mentions the presence of Black sailors on Dutch ships in the 17th century as historical background.
2. "The Black Presence in the Era of the American Revolution, 1770-1800" by Sidney Kaplan and Emma Nogrady Kaplan (1989) - This book discusses the presence of Black sailors on various European ships, including Dutch vessels, during the 17th and 18th centuries.

On Sakanoue no Tamuramaro

1. "Sakanoue no Tamuramaro" by Inoue Kaoru (1958) - This article, published in the Japanese historical journal "Nihon Rekishi," provides a detailed account of Sakanoue no Tamuramaro's life and military campaigns. (In Japanese)
2. "The Cambridge History of Japan, Volume 2: Heian Japan" edited by Donald H. Shively and William H. McCullough (1999) - This comprehensive volume includes information about Sakanoue no Tamuramaro and his role in early Heian period politics and military affairs.
3. "Emishi: The Morphology of Post-Conquest Society" by Karl Friday (1988) - While primarily focused on the Emishi people, this article discusses Sakanoue no Tamuramaro's military campaigns against the Emishi and provides insights into his role in early Heian period expansionism.
4. "Secrets of the Samurai: The Martial Arts of Feudal Japan" by Oscar Ratti and Adele Westbrook (1973) - This book mentions Sakanoue no Tamuramaro as one of the early Japanese military leaders and discusses his contributions to the development of martial arts and military tactics.
5. "The Tale of the Heike" (Heike Monogatari) - This classic Japanese epic, compiled in the 13th century, includes references to Sakanoue no Tamuramaro and his military exploits, providing historical context for his legacy.

Letters about Yasuke

Matsudaira Ietada's Diary, Tenshō 10, fourth month:, Letter from Lorenzo Mesia, October 8, 1581:

#shogunfx #feudaljapan #debunking