South America's twelve or so countries that exist today are only a some of the states that have existed throughout its history, from medieval megastates to postcolonial confederations to separatist strongholds. In this video, we take a look at some of those "forgotten" countries, their history, and why they've disappeared from the map. Let's Explore!

Ever heard of the United Provinces of Rio de la Plata, the Riograndense Republic, or the Kingdom of Araucania and Patagonia? We couldn't fit the southern half of the continent in this video, so, check out @GhostCountries's video to learn more about these countries, and more, in the Southern Cone:    • Forgotten Countries of the Southern C...  

Chapters:
00:00 Intro
00:38 Pre-contact & Colonial Era
02:16 Independence
03:35 Ghost Countries!
04:41 Spanish-speaking countries
06:55 Brazil
09:16 20th & 21st century
09:41 Micronations
10:06 Conclusion

Note: The flag used for the Second Republic of Venezuela is actually the flag of the "war to the death" campaign.

Sources:

- Encyclopedia Britannica
- Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture
- Germans in the Habsburg Empire in South America (Colonial Venezuela)", Montenegro, Giovanna (2022) doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199366439.013.1039
- https://hgv1844.de/hanauer-geschichte/
- A brief history of Brazil, Teresa A. Meade 2010.
- OnWar.com
- Quebra-Quilos and Peasant Resistance:
Peasants, Religion, and Politics in Nineteenth-Century Brazil (Kim Richardson, 2008)
- https://portalmatogrosso.com.br/repub...
- "Simón Bolívar (The Liberator)" by Guillermo A. Sherwell
- "Modern Romance in the Land of El-Dorado". Library of Congress. The Sun New York. 4 August 1918.
- Denis Lamaison. "The Republic of Counani: The man who would be king". Guianas Geographic.

Countries in this video:

Inca Empire (Tawantinsuyu)
Muisca Confederation
Colonies (France Antarctique, Equinoctical France, Dutch Brazil, Klein-Venedig, Tuscany, County of Hanau)
Andean revolts (Juan Santos Atahualpa, Tupac Amaru II, Tupac Katari)
Palenques, Mocambos & Quilombos (Palmares)
Berbice Slave Uprising
1765 Quito Revolt
Inconfidência Mineira
Tailor's Conspiracy
Colonial Juntas
Cundinamarca
Cauca Valley
New Granada
Gran Colombia
1814 Cuzco Revolt
Guayaquil
Alto Peru / Bolívar / Bolivia
Peru-Bolivian Confederation
1st & 3rd Federal State of Loreto
Jungle Republic
Pernambucan Revolt
Confederation of the Equator
Guanais Revolt
Bahia Republic (Sabanada)
Republic of Pará (Cabanagem)
Balaiada
1842 Liberal Revolts
Malê revolt
Republic of Independent Guiana / Counani
Republic of Acre
Rupununi Uprising
Dominion of Melchizidek
Principality of Trinidad

Image credits:

All copyleft images may be used under their respective licenses
Inca Banner: Pachakutec, adapted from Huhsunqu, CC BY-SA 2.5
Colonial Brazil: Milenioscuro, CC BY-SA 4.0
Tuscany Flag: Euryrel, CC BY-SA 4.0
Cundinamarca Flag: Shadowxfox, CC BY-SA 4.0
1st Republic of Venezuela Flag: Salvadoroff, CC BY-SA 4.0
Gran Colombia Flag: Milenioscuro, CC BY-SA 3.0
Protectorate of Peru map: GabrieldeLoreto, CC BY-SA 4.0
Guayaquil conference: Padaguan, CC BY-SA 3.0
First Flag of Bolivia: Huhsunqu, CC BY-SA 2.5
Map of Alto Peru: Oxfire35789, CC BY-SA 4.0
4th Republic of Venezuela Flag: Milenioscuro, CC BY-SA 3.0
Peru-Bolivia Flag: Huhsunqu, CC BY-SA 2.5
Peru-Bolivia Flag Map: Janitoalevic, derived from Huhsunqu, CC BY-SA 3.0
Argentina 1840 Flag: Guilherme Paula, CC BY-SA 3.0
Loreto: 180app, CC BY-SA 4.0
Rio de Janeiro: Rafael Rabello de Barros, CC BY-SA 3.0
Brazil Province Locator Maps: Milenioscuro, CC BY-SA 4.0
Confederation of the Equator Map: Signore Galilei, derived from above, CC BY-SA 4.0
Metrics: Martinvl, CC BY-SA 3.0
Oyapock River: Arria Belli, CC BY 2.5
Acre: Raphael Lorenzeto de Abreu, CC BY 2.5
Police Helicopter: National Police of Colombia, CC BY-SA 2.0
Rupununi: TUBS, CC BY-SA 3.0
Trinidade: Simone Marinho, CC BY-SA 3.0