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Some monsters call to mind very specific images. Their iconic on-screen personas overshadow their earlier histories. I’m talking about: Frankenstein and his Creature, Dracula, the Invisible Man, the Wolf Man, the Mummy. Why is this? Universal Pictures. These famous Monster faces inspired decades of Halloween costumes, and make up a distinctive brand of horror that defined early Hollywood cinema.

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Written and Hosted by: Dr. Emily Zarka
Director: David Schulte
Executive Producer: Amanda Fox
Producer: Thomas Fernandes
Editor/Animator: P.W. Shelton
Illustrator: Samuel Allan
Executive in Charge (PBS): Maribel Lopez
Director of Programming (PBS): Gabrielle Ewing
Additional Footage: Shutterstock
Music: APM Music

Descriptive Audio & Captions provided by The Described and Captioned Media Program

Produced by Spotzen for PBS Digital Studios.

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Bibliography

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Blake, Marc, and Sara Bailey. Writing the Horror Movie. Bloomsbury Publishing, 2013.

Edwards, Kyle. “‘House of Horrors’: Corporate Strategy at Universal Pictures in the 1930s.” Merchants of Menace: The Business of Horror Cinema, edited by Richard Nowell, Bloomsbury Academic & Professional, 2014, pp. 13–29.

Featherson, Ryan. “Universal Monsters: A Marriage of Science & Religion.” The Projector, vol. 13, no. 2, The Projector Journal, 2013, pp. 101–07.

Hall, Ann C. “Making Monsters: The Philosophy of Reproduction in Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein and the Universal Films Frankenstein and The Bride of Frankenstein.” The Philosophy of Horror, Ed. Thomas Fahy. The University Press of Kentucky, 2010, pp. 212–228.

Horton, Robert. “The Monster Mash.” Frankenstein, Columbia University Press, 2014, pp. 27–44.

Recovering 1940s Horror Cinema: Traces of a Lost Decade. Edited by Mario Degiglio-Bellemare, Charlie Ellbé, and Kristopher Woofter, Lexington Books, 2014.

Rubin, Rebecca. “‘Invisible Man’: How Universal Saved Its Monster Movies by Cutting Costs.” Variety, March 2, 2020.

Telotte, J. P. “Another Form of Life: Science-Fiction Marketing and The Blob (1958).” Film History, vol. 32, no. 4, 2020, pp. 119–40.

Warren, Bill. Keep Watching the Skies! American Science Fiction Movies of the Fifties, Vol. 1 1950–1957. McFarland, 1982.

Williams, Tony. “Classical Shapes of Rage: Universal and Beyond.” Hearths of Darkness: The Family In American Horror Film, University Press of Mississippi, 2014, p. 29–49.